Infectious human diseases: Regions, habitats, threats, and mitigation strategies: The issues—Part II

Globally, vaccines against 47 infectious etiologic agents are approved by at least one regulatory authority as of December 2022. The numbers of viral diseases, infections caused by mycoplasma, bacterial and protozoal diseases, mycoses, diseases caused by parasitic worms, and other infectious diseases of unknown etiology run into thousands. Therefore, more vaccines are required to be developed to keep more populations disease free. Climate change and global increase in temperature may promote sea level rises and an increase in the intensity of rains, causing an upsurge in certain infectious diseases in regions of the human population and even causing movement of habitats. In societies where the expenditure on health as a percentage of gross domestic product is higher, people are more capacitated to tackle the treatment and spread of infectious diseases. As several of such conditions are zoonotic, well-planned strategies for controlling the spread would go a long way in the proper direction. Poverty and contagious diseases are infallibly linked. Major infectious diseases of poverty include tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/ acquired immuno deficiency syndrome (AIDS), malaria, measles, pneumonia, diarrheal diseases, and several neglected tropical diseases. The world is not yet unified in action to jointly work to contain the global problem of infectious diseases in every human habitat. There was a visible divide between and among the rich countries versus the developing countries regarding accessibility and deployment of vaccines against COVID-19 flu. To contain the spread of infectious diseases in the future, the whole world would have to work together, raising funds, strengthening epidemiological surveys, inventing effective vaccines, and vaccinating the eligible population, as also treating the infected with therapy in time, besides resorting to other preventive measures for overall human progress. The developmental efforts are to be pursued jointly and together to benefit all people, respecting the world as one.

Infectious human diseases: Regions, habitats, threats, and mitigation strategies: The actors—Part I

Infectious diseases are a significant burden on the global economy and public health. The major factors attributed to the rise in infectious diseases are thought to be the unstructured rise in the human population with expanding poverty, unplanned urbanization, fast urban migration, unplanned human habitats in thickly populated urban pockets that are the residence of poor people, insufficient healthcare infrastructure, inadequate vaccination, and neglect in effectively containing the zoonotic diseases, among others. Certain global regions such as China, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Indonesia among the other Asian countries, sections of South America, and vast parts of Sub-Saharan Africa harbor more infectious human diseases. To contain the infectious disease burden, the health infrastructure especially in poor countries needs to be improved. With the assistance of rich countries monetarily as well as technologically, the situation can be improved. International institutions and large philanthropic organizations are working to improve human health globally. More monetary assistance to these organizations would positively contribute to the cause and would go a long way in diffusing the infectious agents.

Intrafamilial Clustering Of HbsAg and HBV DNA Among The Families Of Carriers.

To find out the clustering of HBV carriers within a family, 50 HBsAg carriers were studied. The distribution of HBsAg was found to be high (33%) among the offspring of HBsAg negative father and positive mother when compared to positive father and negative mother (16%) or where both the parents were HBsAg negative (31%0. The frequency of HBV DNA was also found to be high among the offspring of HBV DNA negative father and HBV DNA positive mother (25%). Male infection leading to a clustering of HBsAg carrier families.

Cloning of Υ derived DNA sequences of bovine origin in Escherichia coli.

We have constructed a partial library of Υ chromosome derived DNA sequences of bovine origin in Escherichia coli. That, the recombinants arc Υ derived and Υ specific was ascertained by differential colony hybridization using male and female DNA probes. Out of 1000 recombinants analysed, 17 were found to be Υ derived as well as Υ specific and were of repetitive nature. Restriction analysis revealed that most of them had short DNA inserts